With NFMC piano solo levels PDF, unlock a world of musical excellence. This comprehensive resource provides a detailed roadmap to navigating the various levels, from beginner to advanced. Learn about the skills, techniques, and repertoire expected at each stage, equipping you with the knowledge and tools to excel in your musical journey.
Dive deep into the specifics of each level, understanding the nuances in musical concepts and technical demands. The PDF format offers a convenient way to access this wealth of information. This document serves as a valuable companion for aspiring pianists, providing insights into the progression of skills and techniques.
Introduction to NFMC Piano Solo Levels
The National Federation of Music Clubs (NFMC) piano solo levels offer a structured pathway for pianists of all ages and abilities to develop their skills. This system provides a common benchmark for evaluating progress and encouraging continued learning. It’s a widely recognized and respected framework, fostering a sense of accomplishment and encouraging a love of music.This system establishes clear expectations at each level, facilitating consistent assessment and helping students understand the necessary steps to advance.
The progression Artikels the key musical elements and technical requirements that pianists need to master as they climb the levels. Understanding these levels provides both students and teachers with a roadmap to guide the journey of musical development.
Overview of NFMC Piano Solo Levels
The NFMC piano solo levels cover a broad spectrum of abilities, from beginners to advanced performers. Each level builds upon the skills acquired in the previous one, ensuring a gradual and well-rounded musical education. A pianist’s progress through the levels reflects their dedication and consistent practice.
Levels and Skill Requirements, Nfmc piano solo levels pdf
- Beginner Levels (e.g., Levels 1-3): These levels focus on foundational skills, including basic hand coordination, note reading, and rhythm. Students learn to play simple melodies and explore basic musical forms. Repertoire typically includes familiar children’s pieces and simple classical studies. The emphasis is on building a strong technical foundation, ensuring proper posture, and developing a keen understanding of musical notation.
- Intermediate Levels (e.g., Levels 4-6): As students progress, they develop more complex technical skills such as scales, arpeggios, and legato playing. Repertoire expands to include more challenging pieces from the classical and popular genres. Students begin to explore different musical styles and develop an understanding of musical expression and interpretation.
- Advanced Levels (e.g., Levels 7-9): These levels demand a high degree of technical proficiency, including intricate hand independence, pedaling, and phrasing. Students explore a wider range of musical styles and composers. Repertoire often includes more demanding pieces requiring a deep understanding of musical form and structure. These levels emphasize musical artistry, interpretation, and the ability to convey the composer’s intent.
General Progression of Skills and Techniques
The progression of skills and techniques within each level is designed to build upon the previous level’s accomplishments. For example, a pianist at level 5 should have a solid understanding of the musical elements covered in levels 1 through 4, including note reading, rhythm, dynamics, and phrasing. A level 7 pianist will have mastered more complex technical challenges, demonstrating a greater degree of musical expression and artistry.
Typical Repertoire and Styles Associated with Each Level
- Beginner Levels: Simple melodies, folk songs, and introductory classical pieces often in simpler forms like two-part inventions, emphasizing foundational techniques like finger exercises, scales, and basic chords. Expect a greater emphasis on developing fundamental musical literacy.
- Intermediate Levels: Classical pieces from composers like Bach, Mozart, and Beethoven, but at a more manageable level, and incorporating some popular music elements. Students explore more complex rhythms, dynamics, and textures, showcasing increasing dexterity and a deeper understanding of musical structure.
- Advanced Levels: More challenging pieces from the Romantic period, including works by composers like Chopin, Liszt, and Schumann, with an increase in technical demands such as complex arpeggios, fast passages, and intricate hand coordination. Students demonstrate greater control and understanding of musical interpretation, conveying emotion and musical nuance.
PDF Resource Analysis
NFMC piano solo level PDFs are invaluable tools for aspiring pianists and educators alike. They serve as a roadmap, outlining the journey from beginner to advanced levels. These documents provide a structured approach to learning, ensuring consistent progression and skill development. They also help pianists and teachers understand the specific technical and musical demands of each level.Understanding the common structure of these PDFs is crucial for efficient use.
This analysis will delve into the typical features and information found within, allowing for a streamlined learning experience. The information presented will be helpful for both students and teachers in navigating the wealth of resources available for NFMC piano solo study.
Common Features and Information
NFMC piano solo level PDFs typically include key information to guide learners. This structured approach helps pianists focus on the appropriate skills and repertoire for their level. The consistency across these PDFs ensures a unified learning experience, regardless of the specific document.
Level | Piece | Skills | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Beginner | Simple Etudes, Children’s Songs | Basic fingerings, rhythm, posture, note recognition, basic musical terms | Focus on foundational skills and musicality. |
Intermediate | More complex études, lyrical pieces, simple sonatas | Improved finger dexterity, sight-reading, basic harmony, phrasing, dynamics | Developing musicality and technical proficiency. |
Advanced | Sonatas, concertos, more challenging études | Advanced finger technique, complex musicality, advanced sight-reading, nuanced phrasing, understanding of musical forms | Emphasis on interpretation and mastery of advanced techniques. |
Examples of PDF Structures
Various PDF structures exist within the NFMC piano solo level documents. Each structure provides a unique approach to presenting the necessary information. The diversity reflects the wide range of learning styles and preferences.
- Sequential Approach: Some PDFs follow a strictly sequential structure, presenting the pieces and required skills in order from easiest to most difficult. This structure allows for a clear and progressive learning path. A common example might be listing pieces by level and presenting skills for each level in order.
- Thematic Approach: Other PDFs might organize the content around specific themes or musical styles. This structure can help pianists develop a deeper understanding of different musical contexts. This could be grouping pieces by composer or musical period.
- Comprehensive Approach: A more comprehensive approach might include detailed explanations of musical concepts, technical exercises, and suggested practice strategies, alongside the piece lists and skill requirements. These PDFs provide a more holistic learning experience.
Comparison of Different Levels
Embarking on a musical journey with the NFMC piano solo levels is like climbing a mountain, each step offering unique challenges and rewards. The progression is designed to foster growth, encouraging aspiring pianists to develop their skills methodically and musically. Understanding the differences between levels is crucial for setting realistic goals and maximizing learning potential.The NFMC piano solo levels represent a carefully crafted curriculum, systematically increasing technical demands and musical complexity.
This structured approach allows students to build a strong foundation and gradually develop their artistry. This comprehensive system is designed to be both engaging and challenging, nurturing a lifelong love of music.
Skill Progressions Across Levels
The NFMC levels are meticulously designed to build upon previous skills, creating a clear path for advancement. The progression is not just about increasing the difficulty of the pieces but also about developing crucial musicality and technical proficiency. This progression, from foundational exercises to intricate compositions, fosters a comprehensive understanding of the art form.
- Beginner Levels focus on fundamental techniques like posture, hand position, and basic note reading. Students learn to navigate simple melodies and rhythms. Musicality is introduced through the interpretation of simple dynamics and articulation. Examples include recognizing and playing simple scales, practicing basic arpeggios, and learning to play simple pieces with a steady tempo.
- Intermediate Levels introduce more complex rhythms, harmonies, and musical forms. Technical demands increase with the introduction of more challenging finger exercises and hand independence exercises. Students start to explore musical expression and interpretation. This stage includes the study of more sophisticated pieces, incorporating various musical elements such as legato, staccato, and different musical dynamics.
- Advanced Levels demand significant technical mastery and a profound understanding of musical concepts. Students are expected to demonstrate a high level of dexterity, independence of hands, and a nuanced musicality. This involves interpreting complex compositions, demonstrating a wide range of dynamics and articulations, and employing sophisticated musical techniques. Examples include playing pieces with complex hand crossings, fast passages, and requiring a high level of technical precision and musicality.
Technical Demands and Musicality
The technical requirements progressively increase across the levels, reflecting a gradual development in dexterity and control. This evolution is not merely about playing faster or louder but also about refining the subtleties of musical expression. Musicality, often overlooked in the pursuit of technical perfection, is equally emphasized.
- Beginner levels emphasize accuracy and consistent rhythm. Technical proficiency is measured by the ability to play simple pieces smoothly and accurately. Musicality is cultivated through careful attention to dynamics and phrasing.
- Intermediate levels challenge students to navigate more complex passages with increasing speed and precision. Musicality involves exploring different nuances in articulation, including legato and staccato. Students begin to interpret the character and emotion of the music through phrasing.
- Advanced levels demand an exceptional level of dexterity, finger independence, and hand coordination. Musicality in these levels is judged by the ability to convey the composer’s intention with subtlety and depth. This involves nuanced use of dynamics, articulation, and phrasing to bring the music to life.
Musical Concepts Progression
The NFMC piano solo levels cultivate a comprehensive understanding of music, from basic concepts to advanced techniques. This progression is crucial for developing well-rounded musicians.
- Beginner Levels introduce fundamental musical concepts like rhythm, melody, and dynamics. Students learn to identify and interpret these elements in simple musical contexts.
- Intermediate Levels delve deeper into musical forms, harmony, and counterpoint. Students begin to understand the relationship between different musical parts. They also explore the use of different musical textures and styles.
- Advanced Levels expose students to more complex musical structures and compositional techniques. Students develop a deeper understanding of musical analysis, interpretation, and improvisation. This includes exploring advanced musical styles and techniques.
Techniques and Repertoire Analysis
Embarking on a journey through the NFMC piano solo levels unveils a fascinating evolution in musical skills and artistry. Each level represents a significant step, demanding mastery of specific techniques and introducing new musical worlds. Understanding the repertoire and concepts associated with each level empowers students to not only play the pieces but to truly understand and appreciate their musical essence.The essential techniques and repertoire vary significantly between levels, reflecting the increasing complexity of musical ideas.
Each level builds upon the previous one, layering new skills and challenges to propel the student towards greater musical fluency. This meticulous progression ensures a natural and rewarding learning experience.
Essential Techniques at Each Level
The techniques required at each NFMC piano solo level build upon each other, reflecting a natural progression in musical understanding. From fundamental finger dexterity in early levels to intricate hand coordination and complex rhythms in advanced levels, the journey is a testament to the transformative power of consistent practice. Developing these techniques lays the foundation for a fulfilling and enriching musical journey.
- Early Levels: Focuses on fundamental finger independence, hand coordination, and basic note reading. Students will develop a solid foundation in posture, hand position, and finger placement. Exercises emphasizing these elements are crucial for developing the necessary dexterity for playing more advanced pieces.
- Intermediate Levels: Introduces more complex rhythms, scales, and arpeggios. Students begin to explore different musical styles, such as classical, romantic, or jazz, each demanding unique technical skills. Developing a sense of musical phrasing and dynamics becomes increasingly important. These levels often require practicing passages at different tempos, emphasizing accuracy and control.
- Advanced Levels: Demands mastery of intricate hand coordination, advanced finger dexterity, and a deep understanding of musical interpretation. Students will delve into a wider range of musical styles, including baroque, contemporary, or impressionist music. The ability to play with nuanced dynamics, articulation, and expression is paramount. Students will learn to use their musical intuition and creativity to bring life to the music.
Examples of Repertoire by Level
A well-rounded repertoire is essential for showcasing a student’s progress and understanding of music. The choice of pieces often reflects the technical demands and musical concepts of each level.
- Early Levels: Simple etudes focusing on finger exercises, scales, and basic arpeggios. Pieces with clear melodic lines and repetitive patterns are common choices. Examples might include beginner-level arrangements of well-known melodies.
- Intermediate Levels: Pieces with a slightly more complex rhythmic structure and a wider range of dynamics. Students might explore sonatas or pieces from the classical period, or more advanced etudes that challenge their technical skills. Pieces with a recognizable structure and a moderate tempo are suitable.
- Advanced Levels: Pieces that demand sophisticated technical mastery and profound musical expression. Students might explore challenging solo works from the Romantic period, contemporary composers, or pieces that explore virtuosic techniques. These pieces showcase a mastery of musical interpretation and technical skills.
Important Musical Concepts by Level
The musical concepts associated with each level evolve in complexity. Understanding these concepts allows students to appreciate the musical intent and interpret the pieces with more depth.
- Early Levels: Focuses on rhythm, tempo, dynamics, and basic musical notation. Students learn to read sheet music, recognize musical symbols, and understand basic concepts like legato and staccato.
- Intermediate Levels: Explores more complex musical structures like form, harmony, and counterpoint. Students begin to understand musical phrasing and the role of dynamics in shaping musical expression. Understanding different musical styles becomes increasingly important.
- Advanced Levels: Delves into advanced harmonic analysis, compositional techniques, and the nuances of musical interpretation. Students gain a deeper understanding of musical history and theory, allowing for a richer and more nuanced interpretation of the pieces.
Differences in Rhythmic Complexity and Musical Styles
The rhythmic complexity and musical styles of pieces progressively increase as students progress through the levels. This reflects the increasing demands on technical proficiency and musical understanding.
Level | Rhythmic Complexity | Musical Styles |
---|---|---|
Early | Simple, repetitive patterns | Folk, Children’s songs, Simple Classical |
Intermediate | More complex rhythms, syncopation | Classical, Romantic, Baroque |
Advanced | Intricate rhythmic patterns, polyrhythms | Contemporary, Impressionist, Jazz, Advanced Classical |
Practice Strategies and Methods

Unlocking the full potential of your piano playing journey hinges on a well-structured practice routine. It’s not just about hours spent at the instrument, but about focused effort and strategic application of techniques. This section delves into proven strategies and methods for maximizing your practice time and achieving mastery of each NFMC piano solo level.Effective practice transcends rote repetition; it involves understanding the music’s nuances, developing specific skills, and adapting your approach to each piece.
This journey requires dedication, consistency, and a willingness to learn and grow. A tailored practice routine, incorporating specific methods for each level, is paramount to success.
Developing a Structured Practice Routine
A structured practice routine is essential for consistent improvement and avoids the pitfalls of aimless practice. Establish a clear schedule that allocates specific time slots for different aspects of practice. This structure fosters focused effort and prevents practice from becoming a monotonous chore.
- Warm-up Exercises: Begin each session with a dedicated warm-up. This could involve scales, arpeggios, and technical exercises that target specific areas of the music you’re working on, to prepare the hands and mind for more demanding exercises. Proper warm-up prevents injuries and improves dexterity and coordination.
- Targeted Skill Development: Identify specific areas needing improvement, such as hand independence, finger dexterity, or rhythmic accuracy. Focus practice sessions on these skills using targeted exercises and drills. This targeted approach ensures that you effectively address weaknesses.
- Piece-Specific Practice: Break down complex pieces into smaller, manageable sections. Work on each section meticulously, focusing on accuracy, dynamics, and articulation. Gradually connect the sections until the entire piece flows smoothly. This approach enhances comprehension and allows for gradual mastery.
- Listening and Analysis: Actively listen to recordings of the piece and analyze its nuances. Pay attention to dynamics, phrasing, and articulation. Consider how these elements contribute to the overall musical expression and use this understanding to inform your practice. This allows for a deeper musical understanding.
- Review and Refinement: Regularly review previously practiced sections and pieces to maintain proficiency. This process reinforces what you’ve learned and allows for refinement of existing skills. It helps consolidate the knowledge and maintain consistency.
Tailoring Practice Strategies to Specific Musical Pieces
Different pieces demand different practice approaches. Understanding the specific challenges and opportunities of each piece is crucial for efficient practice. Adaptability is key to navigating the diverse landscape of NFMC piano solo pieces.
- Analyzing Musical Structure: Identify the form, themes, and sections of the piece. Break down the piece into smaller, manageable parts. Analyze the relationships between sections to understand the overall structure. This helps to understand the musical flow and development.
- Understanding Rhythmic Complexity: Analyze the rhythmic patterns and note values. Practice the rhythmic aspects of the piece separately, focusing on accuracy and precision. Use metronome practice to improve rhythmic accuracy. This improves precision and understanding of the piece’s rhythm.
- Addressing Technical Challenges: Identify and isolate technical difficulties. Develop targeted exercises to address these challenges, focusing on specific aspects such as hand independence, finger dexterity, or specific passages. Use repetition to master challenging technical aspects. This enhances precision and control.
- Embracing Musical Expression: Focus on phrasing, dynamics, and articulation. Practice the piece with a range of dynamics, from soft pianissimo to loud fortissimo. Consider the musical intentions of the composer and strive to communicate the intended emotion. This approach enhances the musicality and overall expression.
Examples of Structured Practice Routines for Different Levels
A well-defined routine can be customized to suit each level. For example, beginners might focus more on fundamental techniques, while advanced students may prioritize complex musical interpretations.
Level | Focus Areas | Example Practice Routine |
---|---|---|
Beginner | Finger independence, basic rhythms, posture | 15 minutes warm-up, 20 minutes focused finger exercises, 20 minutes practicing basic scales and arpeggios, 15 minutes on a simple piece, 10 minutes review |
Intermediate | Hand independence, complex rhythms, musicality | 20 minutes warm-up, 30 minutes technical exercises for hand independence, 25 minutes practicing a challenging piece in sections, 15 minutes analysis of the piece, 10 minutes review |
Advanced | Interpretation, complex techniques, musical expression | 25 minutes warm-up, 45 minutes focused practice on a challenging piece with complex technical passages, 20 minutes focused analysis of the piece’s interpretation, 10 minutes review |
Resources and Learning Materials: Nfmc Piano Solo Levels Pdf
Unlocking the secrets of the piano, one note at a time, often requires more than just the sheet music. Supplementary resources can be your secret weapon in mastering each NFMC piano solo level. From practice pieces to expert-level techniques, these tools are your guides on the journey to musical excellence. The right resources can transform your practice from a chore to a rewarding experience, propelling you towards musical mastery.This section delves into the wealth of resources available to support your NFMC piano solo journey.
We’ll explore the abundance of practice pieces, exercises, and learning guides, categorizing them for easy access. Finding the right tools is crucial, so we’ll highlight specific resources for mastering technical aspects, helping you become a confident and accomplished pianist.
Supplementary Resources for NFMC Piano Solo Levels
The NFMC piano solo levels, from beginner to advanced, benefit from a rich tapestry of supplementary materials. These materials provide valuable context, reinforcing the concepts and techniques learned in each level.
- Practice Pieces: These are vital for honing skills and building musicality. Beyond the assigned pieces, exploring similar styles or composers can provide valuable inspiration and strengthen musical understanding. Seek out pieces that challenge you while still remaining accessible. This breadth of practice will make you a versatile and engaging musician.
- Exercises: Focused exercises are the cornerstone of technique development. These targeted drills, when integrated into your practice routine, can dramatically improve specific skills like finger dexterity, hand independence, or pedaling. They are the building blocks for more advanced playing.
- Learning Guides: Learning guides are like having a personal coach guiding you through the complexities of each level. They offer insights into specific technical challenges and provide practical solutions. These guides should be treated as a valuable resource, alongside your instructor’s guidance, to ensure comprehensive understanding.
Categorized Resources
The following table organizes resources into categories for easy navigation.
Category | Resource |
---|---|
Practice Pieces | [Link to a curated list of practice pieces for NFMC levels, possibly a website or a collection of PDFs] |
Exercises | [Link to a website or PDF with technical exercises tailored to NFMC levels] |
Learning Guides | [Link to a website or book with in-depth analysis of NFMC piano solo pieces, technique explanations, or specific level resources] |
Online Tutorials | [Link to a playlist of video tutorials on specific piano techniques relevant to NFMC levels] |
Effective Resources for Specific Technical Aspects
Specific technical aspects of piano playing, like hand independence, require dedicated resources. A good understanding of the technical requirements of each level, coupled with appropriate resources, is paramount. These resources should be treated as valuable extensions of your instructor’s guidance.
- Hand Independence: Resources focusing on exercises for independent hand movement, such as scales played with alternating hands or different rhythms, will be invaluable. A good instructor can provide tailored exercises for specific challenges. Practice these exercises regularly to develop this crucial skill.
- Pedaling: Guides and resources focusing on proper pedaling techniques, including subtle nuances of touch and timing, are essential for adding expression to your playing. Listening to recordings of renowned pianists playing similar pieces can offer inspiration and guidance.
- Sight-Reading: Practicing sight-reading exercises, even simple ones, helps to develop a strong understanding of musical notation. This translates into faster learning and the ability to adapt to different musical challenges.
Structure and Organization of Learning Materials

Unlocking the full potential of your NFMC piano solo journey hinges on a well-structured learning path. A meticulously organized system will not only streamline your practice but also foster a deeper understanding of the music and its nuances. This approach allows for focused practice and efficient progress tracking.A thoughtfully designed framework ensures that each level builds upon the last, gradually increasing complexity and technical demands.
This systematic approach, combined with a clear structure for accessing and managing information, will make your learning experience engaging and effective.
Level Categorization and Accessibility
A logical categorization system is crucial for efficient retrieval of information. This involves classifying NFMC piano solo levels by technical skill, musical style, and expected repertoire. This organized approach makes locating specific exercises, etudes, and pieces simple. Each level’s PDF should be clearly labeled with its corresponding NFMC level number and a concise description. Furthermore, a table outlining the key characteristics of each level—such as specific technical challenges or stylistic expectations—would be immensely helpful.
- Level-Specific Folders: Create separate folders for each NFMC level, containing all the relevant PDF files. This organized structure facilitates easy access and reduces searching time.
- Sub-folder Organization: Within each level folder, further sub-folders can be created for different sections of the materials, such as “Exercises,” “Etudes,” “Pieces,” and “Theory.” This allows for rapid location of specific learning resources.
- Descriptive File Names: Utilize descriptive file names that clearly indicate the content of each PDF. For example, “NFMC Level 3 – Etude in C Major” is much more informative than a generic file name like “Etude 3.” This ensures efficient navigation and prevents confusion.
Progress Tracking System
A comprehensive progress tracking system is essential for monitoring progress and identifying areas needing further attention. This detailed record will provide valuable insights into your learning journey.
- Progress Log: Create a dedicated progress log where you can note your practice sessions, highlighting specific technical challenges encountered and any adjustments made to your practice approach. This journal can be digital or physical, depending on your preference.
- Performance Checklists: Develop checklists that specify the technical elements and musical interpretations to be achieved at each level. These checklists will guide you in assessing your performance and identifying areas for improvement.
- Performance Evaluation: Schedule regular performance evaluations to assess your progress and receive constructive feedback from a qualified teacher or mentor. This evaluation process is a critical part of your learning journey.
Learning Plan Structure
A well-structured learning plan provides a roadmap for your journey. This structured plan should be adaptable and responsive to your individual needs and progress.
- Weekly Goals: Establish weekly practice goals that are both achievable and challenging. These goals should focus on specific technical aspects and musical interpretation objectives.
- Time Allocation: Allocate specific time slots for each practice session, ensuring that all areas of your learning plan receive appropriate attention.
- Review and Adjustment: Regularly review your learning plan and make necessary adjustments based on your progress and feedback. A flexible approach will allow for optimal learning.
Illustration of PDF Content
A typical NFMC piano solo level PDF is meticulously crafted to guide aspiring pianists through the journey of musical mastery. It’s a roadmap, a structured curriculum, and a personalized tutor all rolled into one, carefully designed to empower learners with the knowledge and skills to excel.The visual layout is designed to be both aesthetically pleasing and highly functional, ensuring that the learning experience is smooth and efficient.
Clarity and accessibility are paramount. The information is presented in a digestible format, making it easy for students to navigate and understand the content.
Typical PDF Structure
The PDF typically begins with an introductory section that Artikels the level’s specific learning objectives and expected outcomes. It sets the stage for the upcoming musical exploration. This section often includes a brief historical context or a motivating anecdote, fostering a connection between the student and the material.
Content Presentation
The content is typically organized into manageable units, each focusing on a specific musical concept, technique, or piece of repertoire. Within each unit, the information is presented in a logical flow, progressing from foundational principles to more advanced applications. Explanations are clear and concise, avoiding unnecessary jargon.
Visual Elements
The visual elements within the PDF are carefully chosen to enhance understanding and engagement. Musical notations, such as sheet music, are presented in a clear and legible format. Diagrams illustrating finger placement, hand positions, and other essential techniques are often included. These visual aids serve as valuable tools, aiding students in grasping complex concepts quickly and effectively.
Color-coding is frequently used for emphasis and clarity. For instance, specific notes in the sheet music might be highlighted to indicate a particular dynamic or articulation. This enhances the visual impact and helps students focus on the relevant aspects of the musical piece.
Musical Notations
The musical notations are crucial. They are presented in a standardized format, using standard musical symbols for notes, rests, dynamics, and articulations. These notations are carefully typeset for optimal readability, enabling the student to easily decipher the musical score. Clefs (treble and bass), time signatures, and key signatures are clearly displayed at the beginning of each piece.
Repertoire and Exercises
The PDF frequently includes carefully selected pieces of repertoire. These are not simply random selections but have been chosen to effectively teach the specific skills and techniques that are targeted at each level. Exercises are also included to reinforce and solidify the concepts introduced. These exercises are structured to progressively challenge the student, ensuring that they build upon their previously acquired knowledge.